Berapa banyak hutan yang hilang pada tahun 2016?

Get the Latest in Your Inbox

Want to stay up to date on the state of the world’s forests? Subscribe to our mailing list.

Subscribe

popup

Ini adalah arsip Forest Pulse, yang diperbarui setiap tahun menggunakan data kehilangan tutupan pohon tahunan untuk memberikan gambaran komprehensif mengenai hilangnya hutan di seluruh dunia. Pembaruan tahunan dirilis setiap tahun dan mencakup tren tahun sebelumnya. Lihat analisis terbaru di sini.

Kehilangan Tutupan Pohon Global Meningkat 51 Persen di 2016

Kehilangan tutupan pohon global mencapai rekor 29,7 juta hektar (73,4 juta are) di tahun 2016, menurut data terbaru dari University of Maryland yang dipublikasikan hari ini oleh Global Forest Watch. Total kehilangan tutupan pohon naik 51 persen dari tahun sebelumnya, kira-kira seluas wilayah Selandia Baru. Kebakaran hutan terlihat sebagai penyebab utama lonjakan kehilangan tutupan pohon pada tahun 2016, termasuk penyebab utama degradasi hutan di Brazil. Deforestasi yang disebabkan oleh pertanian, penebangan, dan pertambangan terus mendorong kehilangan tutupan pohon dari tahun ke tahun. Besarnya skala kerusakan hutan menunjukkan adanya kebutuhan yang mendesak untuk memperbaiki pengelolaan hutan.

More

Sekilas tentang Hutan

Kebakaran hutan jarang terjadi secara alami di hutan hujan tropis; kebakaran terjadi ketika penggunaan api oleh manusia bertemu dengan suhu ekstrem dan kekeringan. Kecenderungan tahun ini sebagian disebabkan oleh efek global dari El Nino 2015/2016, yang merupakan El Nino terbesar kedua yang pernah tercatat, yang mengakibatkan kekeringan di wilayah tropis. Degradasi dan deforestasi yang disebabkan oleh manusia turut membuat hutan lebih rentan kebakaran karena membuat iklim lokal lebih kering. El Nino juga berdampak pada hutan boreal dan sub-tropis, di mana kebakaran lebih sering terjadi secara alami, namun perubahan iklim meningkatkan intensitas dan akibat dari kebakaran tersebut. Meningkatnya kasus kebakaran hutan merupakan sesuatu yang mengkhawatirkan. Bahkan di wilayah di mana kebakaran merupakan bagian penting dari ekosistem, api yang besar dapat memberikan dampak yang buruk terhadap kesehatan manusia dan mengakibatkan kerusakan skala besar terhadap properti dan infrastruktur. Kebakaran hutan dapat melepaskan karbon dalam jumlah besar ke atmosfer, dan, di hutan tropis di mana kebakaran yang masif jarang terjadi, kebakaran hutan sangat mempengaruhi struktur hutan dan keanekaragaman hayati. Perpaduan antara kebakaran hutan di daerah tropis dengan perubahan tata guna lahan dan perubahan iklim dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan hutan jangka panjang di tempat-tempat seperti Amazon.

Pengelolaan hutan yang lebih baik dapat mengurangi risiko terjadinya kebakaran: deforestasi dan degradasi meningkatkan risiko kebakaran di hutan tropis, sementara di ekosistem yang rentan akan kebakaran, hutan yang terlalu lebat mengakibatkan kebakaran yang lebih merusak. Sistem deteksi dini seperti VIIRS dan mekanisme kerja sama antar institusi yang lebih efektif dapat mempercepat waktu respon terhadap kebakaran untuk mengurangi kerusakan dan biaya pemadaman. Untuk mencegah dampak kebakaran terhadap masyarakat dan hutan, sangatlah penting untuk menghentikan penggunakan api ketika musim kemarau. Indonesia dan Brazil memiliki kebijakan untuk membatasi penggunaan api dalam pembukaan lahan, namun beberapa laporan mengindikasikan bahwa kebijakan tersebut kurang ditegakkan atau kurang pendanaan.

More

Kehilangan Tutupan Pohon di Brazil Naik Dua Kali Lipat karena Api di Dasar Hutan (Understory)

Wilayah Amazon Brazil kehilangan 3,7 juta hektar (9,1 juta are) tutupan pohon selama tahun 2016, hampir tiga kali lipat dibandingkan tahun 2015. Sebagian besar lonjakan tersebut terjadi di Negara Bagian Pará dan Maranhão, yang terkena dampak parah dari kebakaran di akhir 2015 dan 2016.

More

Kehilangan tutupan pohon yang berhubungan dengan kebakaran di tahun 2016 sebagian besar disebabkan oleh api yang lambat penyebarannya yang membakar dasar hutan (understory), sebuah lapisan vegetasi di bawah kanopi hutan. Kebakaran seperti ini biasanya tidak mematikan semua pohon atau mengubah cara penggunaan lahan, yang berarti bahwa kerusakan hutan mungkin tidak tertangkap oleh sistem pengawasan deforestasi. Akan tetapi, kebakaran tersebut mengakibatkan berkurangnya kanopi pohoncadangan biomassa, dan keanekaragaman hayati secara signifikan (baca lebih lanjut tentang isu-isu tersebut di sini).

More

Kebakaran di dasar hutan di Amazon Brazil. Panas yang ditimbulkan oleh api yang lambat penyebarannya dapat mematikan pohon-pohon kecil dan menambah jumlah hutan yang mati di tahun-tahun berikutnya. Foto: Jos Barlow.

Sistem pengawasan deforestasi resmi pemerintah Brazil, PRODES, baru-baru ini melaporkan bahwa terjadi penurunan deforestasi di Amazon Brazil pada periode Agustus 2016 – Juli 2017, sebuah perkembangan yang positif setelah lonjakan deforestasi tahun sebelumnya. Data resmi pemerintah Brazil mengukur deforestasi yang terlihat jelas dari hutan primer dan kemungkinan besar tidak menangkap degradasi hutan yang berhubungan dengan kebakaran hutan yang terdeteksi oleh data kehilangan tutupan pohon University of Maryland (baca lebih lanjut tentang perbedaan PRODES dan data kehilangan tutupan hutan di sini). Kedua data tersebut penting untuk ditelaah, dan skala kerusakan yang ditangkap oleh data kehilangan tutupan pohon 2016 menekankan perlunya pengawasan perubahan hutan yang holistik dan pentingnya analisis keterkaitan antara perubahan iklim, keanekaragaman hayati, dan keseluruhan ekosistem hutan. Kebakaran hutan tampaknya akan tetap menjadi isu penting di Brazil – pada September 2017 Brazil mengalami kasus kebakaran hutan terbanyak sejak pencatatan dimulai tahun 1998. Pernyataan resmi menyebutkan bahwa penggunaan api secara ilegal dan kurangnya pengawasan dari pemerintah menjadi penyebab utama kebakaran.

More

Besarnya Kebakaran Hutan di Indonesia Terlihat di Data 2016

Indonesia mengalami peningkatan kehilangan tutupan pohon pada tahun 2016, yang kemungkinan terkait dengan musim kebakaran hutan di akhir 2015.

More

Kebakaran hutan di Indonesia pada akhir 2015, yang banyak diliput oleh media, merupakan sebuah bencana lingkungan yang besar, melepaskan 1,62 miliar metrik ton karbon dioksida. Kabut asap yang dihasilkan mengakibatkan lebih dari 100.000 kematian prematur. (Meskipun kebakaran besar terjadi di akhir 2015, sebagian besar kehilangan tutupan pohon tidak terdeteksi hingga awal 2016. Penjelasannya dapat dilihat di sini.) Dampak dari penebangan hutan dan ekspansi perkebunan skala kecil dan besar juga terlihat jelas di data 2016 Indonesia. Papua mengalami lonjakan kehilangan tutupan hutan tahun lalu, yang terus berlanjut di tahun 2016 akibat ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit di hutan primer.

More

Kebakaran di Eropa, Afrika, dan Amerika Utara

Kehilangan tutupan pohon di Indonesia dan Brazil berkontribusi terhadap lebih dari seperempat kehilangan tutupan pohon global. Namun demikian, beberapa negara lainnya mengalami kehilangan hutan secara besar-besaran akibat kebakaran hutan di 2016.

More

Portugal kehilangan 4 persen dari total tutupan pohon di 2016, persentase tertinggi di dunia. Hampir setengah dari total hutan yang terbakar di Uni Eropa di 2016 terjadi di Portugal, diperburuk oleh banyaknya perkebunan kayu putih (eucalyptus) dan pinus yang mudah terbakar, dan pengelolaan lahan dan praktik pencegahan kebakaran yang buruk. Kebakaran hutan yang baru-baru ini terjadi di Portugal telah merenggut banyak nyawa, dan diprediksi akan membuat tingkat kebakaran hutan di Portugal melonjak di 2017. Di Republik Kongo, salah satu kebakaran hutan terbesar yang pernah tercatat di Afrika Tengah merusak 15.000 hektar (37.000 are) hutan di awal 2016. Kebakaran ini juga kemungkinan disebabkan oleh kekeringan akibat El Nino, aktivitas manusia, dan penyebab alami lainnya. Kebakaran hutan di Fort McMurray Kanada merusak lebih dari 600.000 hektar (1.5 juta are) hutan dan mengakibatkan kerusakan senilai $8,8 miliar. Meskipun kebakaran hutan merupakan bagian alami dari ekosistem hutan boreal, potensi dan intensitas kebakaran dapat meningkat akibat pengaruh El Nino dan perubahan iklim. Kebakaran yang terjadi baru-baru ini di Brazil, Kalifornia, Portugal dan tempat lainnya menunjukkan bahwa kebakaran hutan tidak akan hilang begitu saja – dan tentu saja akan menjadi semakin parah seiring dengan meningkatnya suhu bumi. Banyaknya hutan yang rusak di tahun 2016 akibat kebakaran dan faktor pendorong lainnya menunjukkan dengan jelas bahwa kita perlu bekerja sama untuk mencapai pengelolaan hutan yang lebih baik.


The authors would like to acknowledge Matt Hansen, Peter Potapov and Svetlana Turubanova, who updated the tree cover loss data, and Doug Morton, Mark Cochrane and Carlos Nobre, who provided valuable background information for this article.


 

More
{"Glossary":{"51":{"name":"agricultural tree crops","description":"Trees cultivated for their food, cultural, or economic values. These include oil palm, rubber, cocoa, cashew, mango, oranges (citrus), plantain, banana, and coconut.\r\n"},"141":{"name":"agroforestry","description":"A diversified set of agricultural or agropastoral production systems that integrate trees in the agricultural landscape.\r\n"},"101":{"name":"albedo","description":"The ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight.\u0026nbsp;Light-colored surfaces return a large part of the sunrays back to the atmosphere (high albedo). Dark surfaces absorb the rays from the sun (low albedo).\r\n"},"94":{"name":"biodiversity intactness","description":"The proportion and abundance of a location\u0027s original forest community (number of species and individuals) that remain.\u0026nbsp;\r\n"},"95":{"name":"biodiversity significance","description":"The importance of an area for the persistence of forest-dependent species based on range rarity.\r\n"},"142":{"name":"boundary plantings","description":"Trees planted along boundaries or property lines to mark them well.\r\n"},"98":{"name":"carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)","description":"Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is a measure used to aggregate emissions from various greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the basis of their 100-year global warming potentials by equating non-CO2 GHGs to the equivalent amount of CO2.\r\n"},"99":{"name":"CO2e","description":"Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is a measure used to aggregate emissions from various greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the basis of their 100-year global warming potentials by equating non-CO2 GHGs to the equivalent amount of CO2.\r\n"},"1":{"name":"deforestation","description":"The change from forest to another land cover or land use, such as forest to plantation or forest to urban area.\r\n"},"77":{"name":"deforested","description":"The change from forest to another land cover or land use, such as forest to plantation or forest to urban area.\r\n"},"76":{"name":"degradation","description":"The reduction in a forest\u2019s ability to perform ecosystem services, such as carbon storage and water regulation, due to natural and anthropogenic changes.\r\n"},"75":{"name":"degraded","description":"The reduction in a forest\u2019s ability to perform ecosystem services, such as carbon storage and water regulation, due to natural and anthropogenic changes.\r\n"},"79":{"name":"disturbances","description":"A discrete event that changes the structure of a forest ecosystem.\r\n"},"68":{"name":"disturbed","description":"A discrete event that changes the structure of a forest ecosystem.\r\n"},"65":{"name":"driver of tree cover loss","description":"The direct cause of forest disturbance.\r\n"},"70":{"name":"drivers of loss","description":"The direct cause of forest disturbance.\r\n"},"81":{"name":"drivers of tree cover loss","description":"The direct cause of forest disturbance.\r\n"},"102":{"name":"evapotranspiration","description":"When solar energy hitting a forest converts liquid water into water vapor (carrying energy as latent heat) through evaporation and transpiration.\r\n"},"2":{"name":"forest","description":"Forests include tree cover greater than 30 percent tree canopy density and greater than 5 meters in height as mapped at a 30-meter Landsat pixel scale.\r\n"},"3":{"name":"forest concession","description":"A legal agreement allowing an entity the right to manage a public forest for production purposes.\r\n"},"90":{"name":"forest concessions","description":"A legal agreement allowing an entity the right to manage a public forest for production purposes.\r\n"},"53":{"name":"forest degradation","description":"The reduction in a forest\u2019s ability to perform ecosystem services, such as carbon storage and water regulation, due to natural and anthropogenic changes.\r\n"},"54":{"name":"forest disturbance","description":"A discrete event that changes the structure of a forest ecosystem.\r\n"},"100":{"name":"forest disturbances","description":"A discrete event that changes the structure of a forest ecosystem.\r\n"},"5":{"name":"forest fragmentation","description":"The breaking of large, contiguous forests into smaller pieces, with other land cover types interspersed.\r\n"},"6":{"name":"forest management plan","description":"A plan that documents the stewardship and use of forests and other wooded land to meet environmental, economic, social, and cultural objectives. Such plans are typically implemented by companies in forest concessions.\r\n"},"62":{"name":"forests","description":"Forests include tree cover greater than 30 percent tree canopy density and greater than 5 meters in height as mapped at a 30-meter Landsat pixel scale.\r\n"},"69":{"name":"fragmentation","description":"The breaking of large, contiguous forests into smaller pieces, with other land cover types interspersed.\r\n"},"80":{"name":"fragmented","description":"The breaking of large, contiguous forests into smaller pieces, with other land cover types interspersed.\r\n"},"74":{"name":"gain","description":"The establishment of tree canopy in an area that previously had no tree cover. Tree cover gain may indicate a number of potential activities, including natural forest growth or the crop rotation cycle of tree plantations.\r\n"},"143":{"name":"global land squeeze","description":"Pressure on finite land resources to produce food, feed and fuel for a growing human population while also sustaining biodiversity and providing ecosystem services.\r\n"},"7":{"name":"hectare","description":"One hectare equals 100 square meters, 2.47 acres, or 0.01 square kilometers and is about the size of a rugby field. A football pitch is slightly smaller than a hectare (pitches are between 0.62 and 0.82 hectares).\r\n"},"66":{"name":"hectares","description":"One hectare equals 100 square meters, 2.47 acres, or 0.01 square kilometers and is about the size of a rugby field. A football pitch is slightly smaller than a hectare (pitches are between 0.62 and 0.82 hectares).\r\n"},"67":{"name":"intact","description":"A forest that contains no signs of human activity or habitat fragmentation as determined by remote sensing images and is large enough to maintain all native biological biodiversity.\r\n"},"78":{"name":"intact forest","description":"A forest that contains no signs of human activity or habitat fragmentation as determined by remote sensing images and is large enough to maintain all native biological biodiversity.\r\n"},"8":{"name":"intact forests","description":"A forest that contains no signs of human activity or habitat fragmentation as determined by remote sensing images and is large enough to maintain all native biological biodiversity.\r\n"},"55":{"name":"land and environmental defenders","description":"People who peacefully promote and protect rights related to land and\/or the environment.\r\n"},"9":{"name":"loss driver","description":"The direct cause of forest disturbance.\r\n"},"10":{"name":"low tree canopy density","description":"Less than 30 percent tree canopy density.\r\n"},"84":{"name":"managed forest concession","description":"Areas where governments have given rights to private companies to harvest timber and other wood products from natural forests on public lands.\r\n"},"83":{"name":"managed forest concession maps for nine countries","description":"Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Indonesia, Liberia, and the Republic of the Congo\r\n"},"104":{"name":"managed natural forests","description":"Naturally regenerated forests with signs of management, including logging, clear cuts, etc.\r\n"},"91":{"name":"megacities","description":"A city with more than 10 million people.\r\n"},"57":{"name":"megacity","description":"A city with more than 10 million people."},"56":{"name":"mosaic restoration","description":"Restoration that integrates trees into mixed-use landscapes, such as agricultural lands and settlements, where trees can support people through improved water quality, increased soil fertility, and other ecosystem services. This type of restoration is more likely in deforested or degraded forest landscapes with moderate population density (10\u2013100 people per square kilometer). "},"86":{"name":"natural","description":"A forest that is grown without human intervention.\r\n"},"12":{"name":"natural forest","description":"A forest that is grown without human intervention.\r\n"},"63":{"name":"natural forests","description":"A forest that is grown without human intervention.\r\n"},"144":{"name":"open canopy systems","description":"Individual tree crowns that do not overlap to form a continuous canopy layer.\r\n"},"82":{"name":"persistent gain","description":"Forests that have experienced one gain event from 2001 to 2016.\r\n"},"13":{"name":"persistent loss and gain","description":"Forests that have experienced one loss or one gain event from 2001 to 2016."},"97":{"name":"plantation","description":"An area in which trees have been planted, generally for commercial purposes.\u0026nbsp;\r\n"},"93":{"name":"plantations","description":"An area in which trees have been planted, generally for commercial purposes.\u0026nbsp;\r\n"},"88":{"name":"planted","description":"A forest composed of trees that have been deliberately planted and\/or seeded by humans.\r\n"},"14":{"name":"planted forest","description":"Stand of planted trees \u2014 other than tree crops \u2014 grown for wood and wood fiber production or for ecosystem protection against wind and\/or soil erosion.\r\n"},"73":{"name":"planted forests","description":"Stand of planted trees \u2014 other than tree crops \u2014 grown for wood and wood fiber production or for ecosystem protection against wind and\/or soil erosion."},"148":{"name":"planted trees","description":"Stand of trees established through planting, including both planted forest and tree crops."},"149":{"name":"Planted trees","description":"Stand of trees established through planting, including both planted forest and tree crops."},"15":{"name":"primary forest","description":"Old-growth forests that are typically high in carbon stock and rich in biodiversity. The GFR uses a humid tropical primary rainforest data set, representing forests in the humid tropics that have not been cleared in recent years.\r\n"},"64":{"name":"primary forests","description":"Old-growth forests that are typically high in carbon stock and rich in biodiversity. The GFR uses a humid tropical primary rainforest data set, representing forests in the humid tropics that have not been cleared in recent years.\r\n"},"58":{"name":"production forest","description":"A forest where the primary management objective is to produce timber, pulp, fuelwood, and\/or nonwood forest products."},"89":{"name":"production forests","description":"A forest where the primary management objective is to produce timber, pulp, fuelwood, and\/or nonwood forest products.\r\n"},"87":{"name":"seminatural","description":"A managed forest modified by humans, which can have a different species composition from surrounding natural forests.\r\n"},"59":{"name":"seminatural forests","description":"A managed forest modified by humans, which can have a different species composition from surrounding natural forests. "},"96":{"name":"shifting agriculture","description":"Temporary loss or permanent deforestation due to small- and medium-scale agriculture.\r\n"},"103":{"name":"surface roughness","description":"Surface roughness of forests creates\u0026nbsp;turbulence that slows near-surface winds and cools the land as it lifts heat from low-albedo leaves and moisture from evapotranspiration high into the atmosphere and slows otherwise-drying winds. \r\n"},"17":{"name":"tree cover","description":"All vegetation greater than five meters in height and may take the form of natural forests or plantations across a range of canopy densities. Unless otherwise specified, the GFR uses greater than 30 percent tree canopy density for calculations.\r\n"},"71":{"name":"tree cover canopy density is low","description":"Less than 30 percent tree canopy density.\r\n"},"60":{"name":"tree cover gain","description":"The establishment of tree canopy in an area that previously had no tree cover. Tree cover gain may indicate a number of potential activities, including natural forest growth or the crop rotation cycle of tree plantations.\u0026nbsp;As such, tree cover gain does not equate to restoration.\r\n"},"18":{"name":"tree cover loss","description":"The removal or mortality of tree cover, which can be due to a variety of factors, including mechanical harvesting, fire, disease, or storm damage. As such, loss does not equate to deforestation.\r\n"},"150":{"name":"tree crops","description":"Stand of perennial trees that produce agricultural products, such as rubber, oil palm, coffee, coconut, cocoa and orchards."},"19":{"name":"tree plantation","description":"An agricultural plantation of fast-growing tree species on short rotations for the production of timber, pulp, or fruit.\r\n"},"72":{"name":"tree plantations","description":"An agricultural plantation of fast-growing tree species on short rotations for the production of timber, pulp, or fruit.\r\n"},"85":{"name":"trees outside forests","description":"Trees found in urban areas, alongside roads, or within agricultural land\u0026nbsp;are often referred to as Trees Outside Forests (TOF).\u202f\r\n"},"151":{"name":"unmanaged","description":"Naturally regenerated forests without any signs of management, including primary forest."},"105":{"name":"unmanaged natural forests","description":"Naturally regenerated forests without any signs of management, including primary forest.\r\n"}}}