Berapa banyak hutan yang hilang pada tahun 2017?

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Ini adalah arsip Forest Pulse, yang diperbarui setiap tahun menggunakan data kehilangan tutupan pohon tahunan untuk memberikan gambaran komprehensif mengenai hilangnya hutan di seluruh dunia. Pembaruan tahunan dirilis setiap tahun dan mencakup tren tahun sebelumnya. Lihat analisis terbaru di sini.

2017 Adalah Tahun Terburuk Kedua dalam Catatan Kehilangan Tutupan Pohon di Daerah Tropis

Menurut data baru dari University of Maryland yang dirilis hari ini pada Global Forest Watch, 2017 merupakan tahun terburuk kedua dalam catatan kehilangan tutupan pohon di daerah tropis. Secara keseluruhan, pada tahun 2017, daerah tropis kehilangan tutupan pohon seluas 15,8 juta hektare (39 juta acre), yakni wilayah seukuran Bangladesh. Hal ini setara dengan kehilangan 40 lapangan sepak bola berisi pepohonan setiap menit selama satu tahun penuh.

Meskipun telah dikerahkan upaya bersama untuk mengurangi deforestasi di daerah tropis, kehilangan tutupan pohon terus meningkat di daerah tropis selama 17 tahun terakhir. Bencana alam seperti kebakaran dan badai tropis semakin berperan, terutama karena perubahan iklim menyebabkan bencana alam semakin ganas dan sering terjadi.  Namun, pembukaan hutan untuk pertanian dan penggunaan lain juga terus menggerakkan deforestasi berskala besar.

Berikut adalah penggalan gambar dari kehilangan tutupan pohon di negara-negara tropis utama sepanjang tahun kemarin:

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Kolombia Menyaksikan Menanjaknya Kehilangan Tutupan Pohon pada Era Pasca-Konflik

Kolombia menghadapi salah satu peningkatan kehilangan tutupan pohon paling dramatis di negara mana pun, yakni dengan kenaikan 46 persen dibandingkan tahun 2016 dan lebih dari dua kali tingkat kehilangan dari 2001-2015. Hampir separuh peningkatan itu terjadi persis di tiga wilayah yang berbatasan dengan bioma Amazon (Meta, Guaviare, dan Caquetá), dengan titik kehilangan yang baru merambah ke area-area yang sebelumnya tidak tersentuh.

Kenaikan pesat kehilangan tutupan pohon terjadi begitu kedamaian datang di negeri ini. Tahun kemarin, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), kelompok pemberontak terbesar di negara ini, diusir dari banyak hutan terpencil yang mereka kuasai sebelumnya. FARC mengawasi dengan ketat penggunaan lahan di sana dan mengizinkan sangat sedikit penggunaan sumber daya untuk kepentingan komersial – dengan adanya demobilisasi, terjadilah kekosongan kekuasaan yang kemudian menyebabkan pembukaan hutan ilegal untuk ladang merumput dan menanam koka, serta pertambangan dan penebangan hutan oleh kelompok bersenjata lainnya. Spekulasi tanah merajalela karena warga menempati dan menebang hutan di kawasan-kawasan baru dengan harapan mendapatkan hak atas tanah di bawah payung undang-undang reformasi pedesaan yang akan disahkan, komponen penting dari Perjanjian Damai. Jalan-jalan kecil yang ditinggalkan FARC juga membuka akses ke kawasan-kawasan hutan yang dahulu terpencil, dan beberapa pemerintah daerah juga secara resmi memperluas jalan-jalan tersebut untuk menggalakkan pembangunan.

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Pemerintah Kolombia sedang berupaya aktif untuk memperlambat penghancuran hutan dan bahkan baru-baru ini diperintahkan oleh Mahkamah Agung untuk mengendalikan deforestasi di Amazon. Pemerintah telah membatalkan proyek jalan raya utama yang menghubungkan Venezuela dan Ekuador, menghancurkan sejumlah jalan ilegal, memperluas Taman Nasional Chiribiquete sebanyak 1,5 juta hektare, dan meluncurkan prakarsa “Sabuk Hijau” untuk melindungi dan memulihkan koridor hutan seluas 9,2 juta hektare. Masih terlalu dini untuk mengetahui apakah semua tindakan ini dan lainnya cukup mampu menekan laju kehilangan hutan yang tak terkendali di negeri ini.

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Kehilangan Tutupan Pohon Brasil Tetap Tinggi Meskipun Sempat Menurun

Pada 2017, Brasil mengalami laju kehilangan tutupan pohon tertinggi kedua setelah lonjakan yang mencolok pada 2016.

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Peningkatan itu terjadi meskipun laju deforestasi menurun dan disebabkan terutama oleh kebakaran di Amazon. Kawasan Amazon dilanda lebih banyak kebakaran pada 2017 daripada tahun mana pun yang tercatat sejak 1999, yang berkontribusi pada 31 persen kehilangan tutupan pohon menurut data University of Maryland, yang untuk pertama kalinya mengaitkan kehilangan tutupan pohon secara spesifik dengan kebakaran. Meskipun besar kemungkinannya bagi hutan untuk pulih kembali karena kebakaran biasanya menyebabkan degradasi alih-alih deforestasi (blog teknis menyusul), kobaran api menetralkan penurunan karbon emisi terkait deforestasi sejak awal 2000-an di Brasil.

Sementara Amazon selatan menghadapi kekeringan pada 2017, hampir seluruh kebakaran di kawasan ini berasal dari manusia yang membuka hutan untuk ladang merumput atau agrikultur. Lemahnya penindakan larangan membakar dan menebang hutan, pergolakan politik dan ekonomi, dan menurunnya perlindungan lingkungan dari pemerintahan saat ini sangat mungkin berkontribusi bagi jamaknya kebakaran dan kehilangan tutupan pohon terkait.

Para pakar juga khawatir bahwa level kebakaran dan degradasi hutan yang tinggi akan menjadi sesuatu yang umum di Amazon. Perubahan iklim dipadu dengan deforestasi akibat perilaku manusia meningkatkan kemerataan kekeringan sehingga lanskap/bentang alam menjadi makin rentan terhadap kebakaran.

Pembukaan wilayah hutan untuk penggunaan lain juga marak di seantero negeri, dengan adanya agrikultur, peternakan, dan penebangan intensif di hutan-hutan yang sebelumnya utuh di negara bagian Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, dan Roraima.

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Indonesia Menyaksikan Penurunan Kehilangan Hutan Primer yang Menggembirakan

Berbeda dengan sebagian besar hutan tropis, pada 2017, Indonesia mengalami penurunan kehilangan tutupan pohon, termasuk penurunan kehilangan tutupan pohon di hutan primer sebesar 60 persen. Meskipun beberapa provinsi di Sumatera masih mengalami peningkatan dalam hal kehilangan hutan primer—termasuk 7.500 hektare (18.500 acre) di Taman Nasional Kerinci Sebat — provinsi-provinsi di Kalimantan dan Papua mengalami penurunan.

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Penurunan tersebut sangat mungkin disebabkan oleh moratorium pengeringan lahan gambut yang berlaku sejak tahun 2016. Di antara tahun 2016 dan 2017, kehilangan hutan primer di kawasan gambut yang dilindungi menurun sebesar 88 persen, mencapai level terendah yang pernah dicatat. Selain itu, 2017 adalah tahun tanpa El Niño, sehingga curah hujan lebih tinggi dan kebakaran lebih jarang terjadi dibandingkan tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Berbagai kampanye edukasi dan menguatnya penegakan undang-undang perhutanan oleh polisi setempat juga membantu mencegah pembakaran hutan untuk membuka lahan.

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Perkembangan baru ini tentu membangkitkan optimisme, tetapi kita harus tetap waspada karena hanya waktu dan tahun dengan El Nio yang dapat membuktikan keefektifan kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut.

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Kehilangan Tutupan Pohon di Republik Demokratik Kongo Mencapai Rekor Tertingginya

Kehilangan tutupan pohon di Republik Demokratik Kongo (RDK) mencapai rekor tertinggi pada 2017 dengan peningkatan sebesar 6 persen dari tahun 2016.  Agrikultur, penebangan mandiri, dan produksi arang mendorong kehilangan tutupan pohon tersebut, dengan hampir 70 persennya terjadi di area-area agrikultur yang dikenal sebagai kompleks pedesaan. Meskipun perladangan berpindah tidak selalu menunjukkan ekspansi ke hutan primer, pertumbuhan populasi dapat mengintensifkan praktik-praktik agrikultur sehingga mengurangi masa jeda ketika pohon-pohon dapat tumbuh kembali secara alami. Analisis kami juga menunjukkan bahwa pada 2017, 3 persen dari seluruh kehilangan tutupan pohon terjadi di area-area yang dilindungi dan 10 persennya terjadi di dalam kawasan izin penebangan.

Dalam 16 tahun terakhir, RDK telah menetapkan moratorium mengenai izin penebangan baru untuk keperluan industri, tetapi pemerintah mengembalikan izin tersebut kepada dua perusahaan pada 2018. Para pemerhati lingkungan khawatir bahwa membuka hutan untuk ditebang lagi dapat memperburuk masalah deforestasi di negara ini. Padahal, yang menyebabkan kehilangan tutupan pohon RDK bukan hanya izin penebangan untuk keperluan industri. Moratorium tersebut hanya berlaku untuk penebangan industri, sementara penebangan mandiri yang kerap kali ilegal juga mengemuka. Dengan meningkatnya tren pada tahun 2016 dan 2017, sangat penting untuk RDK bergerak maju dengan perencanaan penggunaan lahan yang lebih baik dan penegakan undang-undang kehutanan sambil menegakkan praktik pengelolaan yang lebih baik.

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Badai Siklon Merusak Hutan-Hutan di Karibia

Musim badai siklon ekstrem pada 2017 yang menewaskan ribuan jiwa dan menyebabkan kerusakan senilai miliaran dolar di Karibia juga berdampak sangat buruk pada hutan-hutan di kawasan ini. Pulau Dominika kehilangan 32 persen tutupan pohonnya pada 2017, sementara Puerto Riko kehilangan 10 persen, termasuk kehilangan yang signifikan di Hutan Nasional El Yunque. Meskipun hutan-hutan tropis di zona sikon secara alamiah tahan menghadapi badaipara ilmuwan mencemaskan kemampuan hutan tropis ini untuk pulih kembali ketika menghadapi badai-badai yang lebih dahsyat akibat perubahan iklim.

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Hutan Bukan Hanya Tentang Pohon-Pohon

Meningkatnya kehilangan tutupan pohon tropis secara terus menerus tentu mengkhawatirkan, dan data di tahun 2017 lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa upaya saat ini untuk mengurangi deforestasi tidaklah cukup.

Selain melindungi keanekaragaman hayati dan menjadi sumber penghidupan manusia, hutan juga berperan penting dalam menyimpan karbon. Namun, meskipun konservasi hutan berkontribusi pada hampir 30 persen dari solusi untuk menghambat peningkatan suhu global di bawah 2 derajat C, batasan yang menurut para ilmuwan diperlukan untuk mencegah dampak terburuk dari perubahan iklim, hanya 2 persen dari pembiayaan perubahan iklim yang masuk ke sektor kehutanan. Apabila dunia sungguh-sungguh ingin mengendalikan perubahan iklim, semua negara perlu meningkatkan upayanya untuk mengurangi deforestasi.

Para pemimpin bertemu di Oslo Tropical Forest Forum hari ini untuk merefleksikan kemajuan terbaru dan membahas berbagai rencana untuk masa depan. Dengan adanya berita mengerikan dari 2017, jelaslah bahwa upaya anti-deforestasi kini menjadi lebih penting dari yang pernah ada sebelumnya.


Para penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Matt Hansen, Peter Potapov, Svetlana Turubanova, Patrick Lola Amani, Andre Lima, Chima Okpa, dan Marc Steininger yang telah memperbarui data kehilangan tutupan pohon.


 

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Dark surfaces absorb the rays from the sun (low albedo).\r\n"},"94":{"name":"biodiversity intactness","description":"The proportion and abundance of a location\u0027s original forest community (number of species and individuals) that remain.\u0026nbsp;\r\n"},"95":{"name":"biodiversity significance","description":"The importance of an area for the persistence of forest-dependent species based on range rarity.\r\n"},"142":{"name":"boundary plantings","description":"Trees planted along boundaries or property lines to mark them well.\r\n"},"98":{"name":"carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)","description":"Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is a measure used to aggregate emissions from various greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the basis of their 100-year global warming potentials by equating non-CO2 GHGs to the equivalent amount of CO2.\r\n"},"99":{"name":"CO2e","description":"Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is a measure used to aggregate emissions from various greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the basis of their 100-year global warming potentials by equating non-CO2 GHGs to the equivalent amount of CO2.\r\n"},"1":{"name":"deforestation","description":"The change from forest to another land cover or land use, such as forest to plantation or forest to urban area.\r\n"},"77":{"name":"deforested","description":"The change from forest to another land cover or land use, such as forest to plantation or forest to urban area.\r\n"},"76":{"name":"degradation","description":"The reduction in a forest\u2019s ability to perform ecosystem services, such as carbon storage and water regulation, due to natural and anthropogenic changes.\r\n"},"75":{"name":"degraded","description":"The reduction in a forest\u2019s ability to perform ecosystem services, such as carbon storage and water regulation, due to natural and anthropogenic changes.\r\n"},"79":{"name":"disturbances","description":"A discrete event that changes the structure of a forest ecosystem.\r\n"},"68":{"name":"disturbed","description":"A discrete event that changes the structure of a forest ecosystem.\r\n"},"65":{"name":"driver of tree cover loss","description":"The direct cause of forest disturbance.\r\n"},"70":{"name":"drivers of loss","description":"The direct cause of forest disturbance.\r\n"},"81":{"name":"drivers of tree cover loss","description":"The direct cause of forest disturbance.\r\n"},"102":{"name":"evapotranspiration","description":"When solar energy hitting a forest converts liquid water into water vapor (carrying energy as latent heat) through evaporation and transpiration.\r\n"},"2":{"name":"forest","description":"Forests include tree cover greater than 30 percent tree canopy density and greater than 5 meters in height as mapped at a 30-meter Landsat pixel scale.\r\n"},"3":{"name":"forest concession","description":"A legal agreement allowing an entity the right to manage a public forest for production purposes.\r\n"},"90":{"name":"forest concessions","description":"A legal agreement allowing an entity the right to manage a public forest for production purposes.\r\n"},"53":{"name":"forest degradation","description":"The reduction in a forest\u2019s ability to perform ecosystem services, such as carbon storage and water regulation, due to natural and anthropogenic changes.\r\n"},"54":{"name":"forest disturbance","description":"A discrete event that changes the structure of a forest ecosystem.\r\n"},"100":{"name":"forest disturbances","description":"A discrete event that changes the structure of a forest ecosystem.\r\n"},"5":{"name":"forest fragmentation","description":"The breaking of large, contiguous forests into smaller pieces, with other land cover types interspersed.\r\n"},"6":{"name":"forest management plan","description":"A plan that documents the stewardship and use of forests and other wooded land to meet environmental, economic, social, and cultural objectives. Such plans are typically implemented by companies in forest concessions.\r\n"},"62":{"name":"forests","description":"Forests include tree cover greater than 30 percent tree canopy density and greater than 5 meters in height as mapped at a 30-meter Landsat pixel scale.\r\n"},"69":{"name":"fragmentation","description":"The breaking of large, contiguous forests into smaller pieces, with other land cover types interspersed.\r\n"},"80":{"name":"fragmented","description":"The breaking of large, contiguous forests into smaller pieces, with other land cover types interspersed.\r\n"},"74":{"name":"gain","description":"The establishment of tree canopy in an area that previously had no tree cover. Tree cover gain may indicate a number of potential activities, including natural forest growth or the crop rotation cycle of tree plantations.\r\n"},"143":{"name":"global land squeeze","description":"Pressure on finite land resources to produce food, feed and fuel for a growing human population while also sustaining biodiversity and providing ecosystem services.\r\n"},"7":{"name":"hectare","description":"One hectare equals 100 square meters, 2.47 acres, or 0.01 square kilometers and is about the size of a rugby field. A football pitch is slightly smaller than a hectare (pitches are between 0.62 and 0.82 hectares).\r\n"},"66":{"name":"hectares","description":"One hectare equals 100 square meters, 2.47 acres, or 0.01 square kilometers and is about the size of a rugby field. A football pitch is slightly smaller than a hectare (pitches are between 0.62 and 0.82 hectares).\r\n"},"67":{"name":"intact","description":"A forest that contains no signs of human activity or habitat fragmentation as determined by remote sensing images and is large enough to maintain all native biological biodiversity.\r\n"},"78":{"name":"intact forest","description":"A forest that contains no signs of human activity or habitat fragmentation as determined by remote sensing images and is large enough to maintain all native biological biodiversity.\r\n"},"8":{"name":"intact forests","description":"A forest that contains no signs of human activity or habitat fragmentation as determined by remote sensing images and is large enough to maintain all native biological biodiversity.\r\n"},"55":{"name":"land and environmental defenders","description":"People who peacefully promote and protect rights related to land and\/or the environment.\r\n"},"9":{"name":"loss driver","description":"The direct cause of forest disturbance.\r\n"},"10":{"name":"low tree canopy density","description":"Less than 30 percent tree canopy density.\r\n"},"84":{"name":"managed forest concession","description":"Areas where governments have given rights to private companies to harvest timber and other wood products from natural forests on public lands.\r\n"},"83":{"name":"managed forest concession maps for nine countries","description":"Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Indonesia, Liberia, and the Republic of the Congo\r\n"},"104":{"name":"managed natural forests","description":"Naturally regenerated forests with signs of management, including logging, clear cuts, etc.\r\n"},"91":{"name":"megacities","description":"A city with more than 10 million people.\r\n"},"57":{"name":"megacity","description":"A city with more than 10 million people."},"56":{"name":"mosaic restoration","description":"Restoration that integrates trees into mixed-use landscapes, such as agricultural lands and settlements, where trees can support people through improved water quality, increased soil fertility, and other ecosystem services. This type of restoration is more likely in deforested or degraded forest landscapes with moderate population density (10\u2013100 people per square kilometer). "},"86":{"name":"natural","description":"A forest that is grown without human intervention.\r\n"},"12":{"name":"natural forest","description":"A forest that is grown without human intervention.\r\n"},"63":{"name":"natural forests","description":"A forest that is grown without human intervention.\r\n"},"144":{"name":"open canopy systems","description":"Individual tree crowns that do not overlap to form a continuous canopy layer.\r\n"},"82":{"name":"persistent gain","description":"Forests that have experienced one gain event from 2001 to 2016.\r\n"},"13":{"name":"persistent loss and gain","description":"Forests that have experienced one loss or one gain event from 2001 to 2016."},"97":{"name":"plantation","description":"An area in which trees have been planted, generally for commercial purposes.\u0026nbsp;\r\n"},"93":{"name":"plantations","description":"An area in which trees have been planted, generally for commercial purposes.\u0026nbsp;\r\n"},"88":{"name":"planted","description":"A forest composed of trees that have been deliberately planted and\/or seeded by humans.\r\n"},"14":{"name":"planted forest","description":"Stand of planted trees \u2014 other than tree crops \u2014 grown for wood and wood fiber production or for ecosystem protection against wind and\/or soil erosion.\r\n"},"73":{"name":"planted forests","description":"Stand of planted trees \u2014 other than tree crops \u2014 grown for wood and wood fiber production or for ecosystem protection against wind and\/or soil erosion."},"148":{"name":"planted trees","description":"Stand of trees established through planting, including both planted forest and tree crops."},"149":{"name":"Planted trees","description":"Stand of trees established through planting, including both planted forest and tree crops."},"15":{"name":"primary forest","description":"Old-growth forests that are typically high in carbon stock and rich in biodiversity. The GFR uses a humid tropical primary rainforest data set, representing forests in the humid tropics that have not been cleared in recent years.\r\n"},"64":{"name":"primary forests","description":"Old-growth forests that are typically high in carbon stock and rich in biodiversity. 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"},"96":{"name":"shifting agriculture","description":"Temporary loss or permanent deforestation due to small- and medium-scale agriculture.\r\n"},"103":{"name":"surface roughness","description":"Surface roughness of forests creates\u0026nbsp;turbulence that slows near-surface winds and cools the land as it lifts heat from low-albedo leaves and moisture from evapotranspiration high into the atmosphere and slows otherwise-drying winds. \r\n"},"17":{"name":"tree cover","description":"All vegetation greater than five meters in height and may take the form of natural forests or plantations across a range of canopy densities. Unless otherwise specified, the GFR uses greater than 30 percent tree canopy density for calculations.\r\n"},"71":{"name":"tree cover canopy density is low","description":"Less than 30 percent tree canopy density.\r\n"},"60":{"name":"tree cover gain","description":"The establishment of tree canopy in an area that previously had no tree cover. 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As such, loss does not equate to deforestation.\r\n"},"150":{"name":"tree crops","description":"Stand of perennial trees that produce agricultural products, such as rubber, oil palm, coffee, coconut, cocoa and orchards."},"19":{"name":"tree plantation","description":"An agricultural plantation of fast-growing tree species on short rotations for the production of timber, pulp, or fruit.\r\n"},"72":{"name":"tree plantations","description":"An agricultural plantation of fast-growing tree species on short rotations for the production of timber, pulp, or fruit.\r\n"},"85":{"name":"trees outside forests","description":"Trees found in urban areas, alongside roads, or within agricultural land\u0026nbsp;are often referred to as Trees Outside Forests (TOF).\u202f\r\n"},"151":{"name":"unmanaged","description":"Naturally regenerated forests without any signs of management, including primary forest."},"105":{"name":"unmanaged natural forests","description":"Naturally regenerated forests without any signs of management, including primary forest.\r\n"}}}